1.0Ace Geographyhttps://acegeography.comJakehttps://acegeography.com/author/jake/rich600338<blockquote class="wp-embedded-content" data-secret="KriCjZOwUH"><a href="https://acegeography.com/europes-urban-hierarchy/">Europe’s urban hierarchy</a></blockquote><iframe sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" src="https://acegeography.com/europes-urban-hierarchy/embed/#?secret=KriCjZOwUH" width="600" height="338" title="“Europe’s urban hierarchy” — Ace Geography" data-secret="KriCjZOwUH" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" class="wp-embedded-content"></iframe><script> /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(c,l){"use strict";var e=!1,o=!1;if(l.querySelector)if(c.addEventListener)e=!0;if(c.wp=c.wp||{},c.wp.receiveEmbedMessage);else if(c.wp.receiveEmbedMessage=function(e){var t=e.data;if(!t);else if(!(t.secret||t.message||t.value));else if(/[^a-zA-Z0-9]/.test(t.secret));else{for(var r,s,a,i=l.querySelectorAll('iframe[data-secret="'+t.secret+'"]'),n=l.querySelectorAll('blockquote[data-secret="'+t.secret+'"]'),o=0;o<n.length;o++)n[o].style.display="none";for(o=0;o<i.length;o++)if(r=i[o],e.source!==r.contentWindow);else{if(r.removeAttribute("style"),"height"===t.message){if(1e3<(s=parseInt(t.value,10)))s=1e3;else if(~~s<200)s=200;r.height=s}if("link"===t.message)if(s=l.createElement("a"),a=l.createElement("a"),s.href=r.getAttribute("src"),a.href=t.value,a.host===s.host)if(l.activeElement===r)c.top.location.href=t.value}}},e)c.addEventListener("message",c.wp.receiveEmbedMessage,!1),l.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",t,!1),c.addEventListener("load",t,!1);function t(){if(o);else{o=!0;for(var e,t,r,s=-1!==navigator.appVersion.indexOf("MSIE 10"),a=!!navigator.userAgent.match(/Trident.*rv:11\./),i=l.querySelectorAll("iframe.wp-embedded-content"),n=0;n<i.length;n++){if(!(r=(t=i[n]).getAttribute("data-secret")))r=Math.random().toString(36).substr(2,10),t.src+="#?secret="+r,t.setAttribute("data-secret",r);if(s||a)(e=t.cloneNode(!0)).removeAttribute("security"),t.parentNode.replaceChild(e,t);t.contentWindow.postMessage({message:"ready",secret:r},"*")}}}}(window,document); </script> Cities increasingly tend to compete and a distinct hierarchy exists, which is particularly evident in Europe but is developing elsewhere too. In western Europe the only indisputable world city is London, with Paris perhaps also qualifying, although Paris could still be classified as a (smaller) megacity. Below them come the national capital cities (see picture ... Read morehttps://acegeography.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Europe-urban-hierarchy.jpg